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rabbit lc3 i ii  (Biorbyt)
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Biorbyt rabbit lc3 i ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Rabbit Lc3 I Ii, supplied by Biorbyt, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/lc3+ii/MAP1LC3A+antibody/pmc13658160-265-63-66
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rabbit lc3 i ii - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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anti lc3b ii  (Proteintech)
96
Proteintech anti lc3b ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Anti Lc3b Ii, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/lc3+ii/LC3+Antibody/pmc13620287-191-25-26
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anti lc3b ii - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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anti lc3 i ii  (Proteintech)
96
Proteintech anti lc3 i ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Anti Lc3 I Ii, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/lc3+ii/LC3+Antibody/pm42767428-127-6-10
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anti lc3 i ii - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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rabbit polyclonal anti lc3 i ii  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)
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Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit polyclonal anti lc3 i ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Rabbit Polyclonal Anti Lc3 I Ii, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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rabbit polyclonal anti lc3 i ii - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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anti lc3 ii  (Boster Bio)
94
Boster Bio anti lc3 ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Anti Lc3 Ii, supplied by Boster Bio, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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anti lc3 ii - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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lc3 ii  (Bioss)
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CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Lc3 Ii, supplied by Bioss, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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lc3 ii  (Proteintech)
96
Proteintech lc3 ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Lc3 Ii, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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anti lc3 i ii  (Novus Biologicals)
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Novus Biologicals anti lc3 i ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Anti Lc3 I Ii, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/lc3+ii/LC3A+Antibody+-+BSA+Free/pm41885695-108-75-76
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antibodies against lc3 ii  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)
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Cell Signaling Technology Inc antibodies against lc3 ii
CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of <t>LC3-I</t> and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.
Antibodies Against Lc3 Ii, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/lc3+ii/LC3B+XP+Rabbit+mAb/pm41862581-216-33-37
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Image Search Results


CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of LC3-I and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.

Journal: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Article Title: Clemastine alleviates Parkinson’s disease pathology by activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway and enhancing autophagic flux

doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1915475

Figure Lengend Snippet: CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, and enhances autophagy flux in PC12 cells. (A) The Western blot (WB) analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in PC12 cells from the CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The Quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR protein levels. (C) The Quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK protein levels. (D) The WB analysis of LC3-I and LC3-II expression. (E) The Quantification of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. (F) The Comparison of LC3-II/LC3-I levels in the Baf-A1, CLE, and Baf-A1+CLE groups, assessing autophagic flux. (G) The WB analysis of p62 expression. (H) The Quantification of p62 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes at 30 V for 90 min. Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in PBST for 1 h and incubated with primary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature: 1:50,000 mouse GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:2,000 mouse p-mTOR (Ser2448) (67778-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:5,000 mouse t-mTOR (66888-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1000 rabbit p-AMPK (Thr183/172) (ab133448, Abcam), 1:1000 mouse p62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1,000 rabbit LC3-I/II (orb411847, Biorbyt), 1:5,000 mouse P62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:500 mouse α-syn (66412-1-Ig, Proteintech).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Western Blot, Analysis, Control, Expressing, Comparison

CLE improves autophagy-related organelles in PC12 cells. (A) Immunofluorescence staining for LC3 (red), LAMP1 (green), and DAPI (blue) in PC12 cells from CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. Lysosomes are defined as LAMP1 + LC3 – puncta; autophagosomes as LAMP1 + LC3 + puncta; autolysosomes as LAMP1 + LC3 + puncta. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B) The relative number of lysosomal puncta. (C) The relative number of autophagosome puncta. (D) The relative number of autolysosome puncta. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 21 per group). Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 21 images per group (7 images from 3 independent experiments).

Journal: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Article Title: Clemastine alleviates Parkinson’s disease pathology by activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway and enhancing autophagic flux

doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1915475

Figure Lengend Snippet: CLE improves autophagy-related organelles in PC12 cells. (A) Immunofluorescence staining for LC3 (red), LAMP1 (green), and DAPI (blue) in PC12 cells from CTRL, MPP + , CLE, and MPP + +CLE groups. Lysosomes are defined as LAMP1 + LC3 – puncta; autophagosomes as LAMP1 + LC3 + puncta; autolysosomes as LAMP1 + LC3 + puncta. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B) The relative number of lysosomal puncta. (C) The relative number of autophagosome puncta. (D) The relative number of autolysosome puncta. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 21 per group). Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. CLE, clemastine; CTRL, control; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 21 images per group (7 images from 3 independent experiments).

Article Snippet: Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes at 30 V for 90 min. Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in PBST for 1 h and incubated with primary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature: 1:50,000 mouse GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:2,000 mouse p-mTOR (Ser2448) (67778-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:5,000 mouse t-mTOR (66888-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1000 rabbit p-AMPK (Thr183/172) (ab133448, Abcam), 1:1000 mouse p62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1,000 rabbit LC3-I/II (orb411847, Biorbyt), 1:5,000 mouse P62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:500 mouse α-syn (66412-1-Ig, Proteintech).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Comparison, Control, Analysis

CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, enhances autophagy, and reduces α-synuclein levels in the mouse midbrain. (A) The WB analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in the midbrain of mice from CTRL, MPTP, and MPTP+CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR levels. (C) The quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK levels. (D–F) The WB analysis of p62, LC3-I/II, and α-syn protein levels. (G–I) The quantification of p62, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and α-syn protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. CLE, clemastine; α-syn, α-synuclein; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.

Journal: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Article Title: Clemastine alleviates Parkinson’s disease pathology by activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway and enhancing autophagic flux

doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1915475

Figure Lengend Snippet: CLE increases AMPK phosphorylation, decreases mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448, enhances autophagy, and reduces α-synuclein levels in the mouse midbrain. (A) The WB analysis of p-AMPK (Thr172), t-AMPK, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and t-mTOR protein levels in the midbrain of mice from CTRL, MPTP, and MPTP+CLE groups. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. (B) The quantification of p-mTOR/t-mTOR levels. (C) The quantification of p-AMPK/t-AMPK levels. (D–F) The WB analysis of p62, LC3-I/II, and α-syn protein levels. (G–I) The quantification of p62, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and α-syn protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. CLE, clemastine; α-syn, α-synuclein; CTRL, control; WB, western blot; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 5 independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes at 30 V for 90 min. Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in PBST for 1 h and incubated with primary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature: 1:50,000 mouse GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:2,000 mouse p-mTOR (Ser2448) (67778-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:5,000 mouse t-mTOR (66888-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1000 rabbit p-AMPK (Thr183/172) (ab133448, Abcam), 1:1000 mouse p62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1,000 rabbit LC3-I/II (orb411847, Biorbyt), 1:5,000 mouse P62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:500 mouse α-syn (66412-1-Ig, Proteintech).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Analysis, Control, Comparison, Western Blot

CLE increases LC3 and reduces phosphorylated α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons (DaNs) of MPTP-treated mice. (A) Immunofluorescence staining for TH (red, marker for DaNs), LC3 (green), and DAPI (blue) in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice from CTRL, MPTP, and MPTP+CLE groups. Scale bar: 2 μm. (B) The quantification of the relative number of LC3 puncta in DaNs. (C) Immunofluorescence staining for TH (red), p-α-syn (Ser129, green), and DAPI (blue) in the SN. Scale bar: 5 μm. (D) The quantification of the relative fluorescence intensity of p-α-syn (Ser129) in DaNs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 21 per group). Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. CLE, clemastine; DaNs, dopaminergic neurons; p-α-syn, phosphorylated α-synuclein (Ser129); SN, substantia nigra; CTRL, control; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 21 images per group (7 images from 3 mice per group).

Journal: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Article Title: Clemastine alleviates Parkinson’s disease pathology by activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway and enhancing autophagic flux

doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1915475

Figure Lengend Snippet: CLE increases LC3 and reduces phosphorylated α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons (DaNs) of MPTP-treated mice. (A) Immunofluorescence staining for TH (red, marker for DaNs), LC3 (green), and DAPI (blue) in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice from CTRL, MPTP, and MPTP+CLE groups. Scale bar: 2 μm. (B) The quantification of the relative number of LC3 puncta in DaNs. (C) Immunofluorescence staining for TH (red), p-α-syn (Ser129, green), and DAPI (blue) in the SN. Scale bar: 5 μm. (D) The quantification of the relative fluorescence intensity of p-α-syn (Ser129) in DaNs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 21 per group). Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed after one-way ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. CLE, clemastine; DaNs, dopaminergic neurons; p-α-syn, phosphorylated α-synuclein (Ser129); SN, substantia nigra; CTRL, control; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM, standard error of the mean. n = 21 images per group (7 images from 3 mice per group).

Article Snippet: Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes at 30 V for 90 min. Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in PBST for 1 h and incubated with primary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature: 1:50,000 mouse GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:2,000 mouse p-mTOR (Ser2448) (67778-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:5,000 mouse t-mTOR (66888-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1000 rabbit p-AMPK (Thr183/172) (ab133448, Abcam), 1:1000 mouse p62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:1,000 rabbit LC3-I/II (orb411847, Biorbyt), 1:5,000 mouse P62 (66184-1-Ig, Proteintech), 1:500 mouse α-syn (66412-1-Ig, Proteintech).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Marker, Fluorescence, Comparison, Control, Analysis